The attack resulted in the RLA largely demobilising, leaving the conflict to irregular ethnic Hmong forces of the "Secret Army" backed by the United States and Thailand, and led by General Vang Pao. Vientiane prefecture, the capital and largest city, had about 683,000 residents in 2020. [43] As late as 1945, the French drew up an ambitious plan to move massive Vietnamese population to three key areas, i.e., the Vientiane Plain, Savannakhet region, and the Bolaven Plateau, which was only derailed by the Japanese invasion of Indochina. For other uses, see, , "Peace, independence, democracy, unity and prosperity", Independence and Communist rule (1953present), The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, [and] mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people, Sanda Simms, ch. A post-independence civil war began, which saw the communist resistance, supported by the Soviet Union, fight against the monarchy that later came under influence of military regimes supported by the United States. ), 185 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est. )biomass and waste: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )industrial: 170 million cubic meters (2017 est. US Representative Steve Gunderson, for instance, told a Hmong gathering: "I do not enjoy standing up and saying to my government that you are not telling the truth, but if that is necessary to defend truth and justice, I will do that. Education Level. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est. On December 15, 1946, in the face of guerrilla raids from across the Mekong, forty-four delegates to the Kingdom of Laos's first popularly elected Luang Prabang and Vat Phou are both UNESCO World Heritage sites. Laos's first expressway, the VientianeBoten Expressway, parallels both Route 13 and the BotenVientiane railway; the first section from Vientiane to Vang Vieng was opened in 2020, with other sections under construction. The Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand, where the mountains of the Annamite Range form most of the eastern border with Vietnam and the Luang Prabang Range the northwestern border with the Thai highlands. Ratio is 2:3. ), general assessment: Laos joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2013; one of the conditions of admittance was to establish an independent regulator for its telecom sector within two years; the government had committed to do so by February 2015 as part of the accession agreement; there still has been no sign of any firm plans being made to create an independent regulatory body; the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) retains the primary role in regulating the countrys telecom market; with the government also having a financial stake (in part or in whole) in every one of the major fixed-line and mobile operators, the MPTs position and decision-making is far from what could be considered independent; sufficient returns on investment cannot be guaranteed with such strict pricing controls as well as the potential for political interference; fixed-line and mobile penetration levels have, as a result, remained much lower than whats seen in neighboring South East Asian markets; there are signs of growth in the mobile broadband segment as LTE network coverage slowly widens and, more recently, the countrys first 5G services start to come on stream; residents in the capital will at least be able to enjoy high-speed services in the near future, while the rest of the country waits patiently to catch up with the rest of the world. ), -1.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est. [41] Under French rule, the Vietnamese were encouraged to migrate to Laos, which was seen by the French colonists as a rational solution to a labour shortage within the confines of an Indochina-wide colonial space. However, the latter is considered pejorative, meaning 'slave'. ), electrification - total population: 95% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 98% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 93% (2019), installed generating capacity: 9.346 million kW (2020 est. Usually called Laos. ), fossil fuels: 35.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. ), Thailand 53%, China 26%, Vietnam 10% (2019), refined petroleum, cars, cattle, iron structures, steel products (2019), $1.476 billion (31 December 2021 est. WebThe Kingdom of Laoswas officially proclaimed when the new Constitution was promulgated in 1947, as part of the colonial French Union, and obtained full independence in 1953. The revised constitution of 11 May 1957 omitted reference to the French Union, though close educational, health and technical ties with the former colonial power persisted. In 1960, amidst a series of rebellions in the Kingdom of Laos, fighting broke out between the Royal Lao Army (RLA) and the communist North Vietnamese and Soviet Union-backed Pathet Lao guerillas. )agricultural: 7.02 billion cubic meters (2017 est. WebKingdom of Laos - Etsy Check out our kingdom of laos selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. ), $446.572 million (2021 est. Other carriers serving the country include Bangkok Airways, Vietnam Airlines, AirAsia, Thai Airways and China Eastern Airlines. Laos is a member of the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement, the ASEAN, East Asia Summit, and La Francophonie. ), women married by age 15: 7.1%women married by age 18: 32.7%men married by age 18: 10.8% (2017 est. History [edit | edit source] The Lao Kingdom The 1957 document was abrogated in December 1975, when a communist people's republic was proclaimed. In 1975, the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy and instituting a strict socialist regime closely aligned to Vietnam. [47], The foreign relations of Laos after the takeover by the Pathet Lao in December 1975 were characterised by a hostile posture toward the West, with the government of the Lao PDR aligning itself with the Soviet Bloc, maintaining close ties with the Soviet Union and depending heavily on the Soviets for most of its foreign assistance. Other terms are Khmu, Khamu (Kammu) or Kha as the Lao Loum refer to them to indicate their Austroasiatic language affiliation. Laosball, officially the Lao Peoples Democratic Republicball, is a communist countryball located in Southeast Asia. ), total dependency ratio: 54.7youth dependency ratio: 48elderly dependency ratio: 6.7potential support ratio: 14.8 (2021 est. [155], The adult literacy rate for women in 2017 was 62.9%; for adult men, 78.1%. )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. The government of Laos, one of the few remaining one-party communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. ), 63.6% of GDP (2017 est. [34], Chao Anouvong was installed as a vassal king of Vientiane by the Siamese. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the substantial deposits of coal, gold, bauxite, tin, copper, and other valuable metals. There are many traditions and rituals associated with rice production in different environments and among many ethnic groups. )male: 53.3% (2020 est. [citation needed], Laos's emergence from international isolation has been marked through improved and expanded relations with other countries including Russia, China, Thailand, Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan and Switzerland. The rebellion failed, and Vientiane was ransacked. )beer: 3.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. [17][18], The word Laos was coined by the French, who united the three Lao kingdoms in French Indochina in 1893 and named the country as the plural of the dominant and most common ethnic group, the Lao people. [141] Laos's progress is notable in comparison to similar developing countries. The Lao League is the top professional league for association football clubs in the country. Laos became a member of ASEAN in 1997 and the WTO in 2013.In the 2010s, the country benefited from direct foreign investment, particularly in the natural resource and industry sectors. Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. It is estimated that about 37% of educated Laotians live outside Laos. Picture Information. WebU.S. [76], In 1989, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), with the support of the US government, instituted the Comprehensive Plan of Action, a programme to stem the tide of Indochinese refugees from Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Paul Lvy, ''Histoire du Laos'', PUF, 1974. )exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. TFR is higher in rural and remote areas, among ethnic minority groups, the less-educated, and the poor; it is lower in urban areas and among the more educated and those with higher incomes. Although Laos mortality rates have improved substantially over the last few decades, the maternal mortality rate and childhood malnutrition remain at high levels. As fertility and mortality rates continue to decline, the proportion of Laos working-age population will increase, and its share of dependents will shrink. The age structure shift will provide Laos with the potential to realize a demographic dividend during the next few decades, if it can improve educational access and quality and gainfully employ its growing working-age population in productive sectors. Currently, Laos primary school enrollment is nearly universal, but the drop-out rate remains problematic. Secondary school enrollment has also increased but remains low, especially for girls., Laos has historically been a country of emigration and internal displacement due to conflict and a weak economy. It is evident throughout the country, expressed in language, temples and the arts and literature. 0-14 years: 31.25% (male 1,177,297/female 1,149,727)15-24 years: 20.6% (male 763,757/female 770,497)25-54 years: 38.29% (male 1,407,823/female 1,443,774)55-64 years: 5.73% (male 206,977/female 219,833)65 years and over: 4.13% (male 139,665/female 168,046) (2020 est. )permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est. Theravada Buddhism is a dominant influence in Lao culture. [62], The climate is mostly tropical savanna and influenced by the monsoon pattern. Lan Xang became an important trade centre during Samsenthai's reign, but after his death in 1421 it collapsed into warring factions for nearly a century. A former country in Southeast Asia (official name). [30] He made Theravada Buddhism the state religion, and Lan Xang prospered. )$1.393 billion (31 December 2020 est. [71] In 2005 it attended the inaugural East Asia Summit. [87], Lending further support to earlier claims that the government of Laos was persecuting the Hmong, filmmaker Rebecca Sommer documented first-hand accounts in her documentary, Hunted Like Animals,[88] and in a comprehensive report that includes summaries of refugee claims and was submitted to the UN in May 2006. )9,045.788 (2020 est. [45] When Japan surrendered, some Lao nationalists (including Prince Phetsarath) declared Laotian independence, but by early-1946, French troops had reoccupied the country and conferred limited autonomy on Laos. )percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 10% (2015 est. [75], Some Hmong groups fought as CIA-backed units on the royalist side in the Laotian Civil War. A gradual, limited return to private enterprise and the liberalization of foreign investment laws began in 1988. Since the founding of the Lao PDR in 1975, very few films have been made in Laos. The king then secretly sent Prince Kindavong to represent Laos to the Allied forces and Prince Sisavang as representative to the Japanese. ), rice, roots/tubers nes, cassava, sugar cane, vegetables, bananas, maize, watermelons, coffee, taro, mining (copper, tin, gold, gypsum); timber, electric power, agricultural processing, rubber, construction, garments, cement, tourism, agriculture: 73.1%industry: 6.1%services: 20.6% (2012 est. "Laos refuses to take back Thai-based Hmong refugees", Smith, Philip, Washington, D.C. (12 December 2014), Kyophilavong, Phouphet, et al. This includes decreasing the environmental and cultural impact of tourism; increasing awareness in the importance of ethnic groups and biological diversity; providing a source of income to conserve, sustain and manage the Lao protected area network and cultural heritage sites; and emphasizing the need for tourism zoning and management plans for sites that will be developed as ecotourism destinations.[137]. ), improved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 72% of populationtotal: 82.2% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 28% of populationtotal: 17.8% of population (2020 est. All newspapers are published by the government, including two foreign language papers: the English-language daily Vientiane Times and the French-language weekly Le Rnovateur. [81] Debate on the issue escalated quickly. ), at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est. WebThe Kingdom of Laos. [69] Trade relations with the United States were normalised in November 2004 through Congress approved legislation. In a 23 October 1995 National Review article, Michael Johns, the former Heritage Foundation foreign policy expert and Republican White House aide, labelled the Hmong's repatriation a Clinton administration "betrayal", describing the Hmong as a people "who have spilled their blood in defense of American geopolitical interests". [181], Association football is the most popular sport in Laos. It has failed to qualify for the FIFA World Cup or the AFC Asian Cup, but has participated in minor competitions like the AFC Solidarity Cup and the AFF Championship. [164] One of the first commercial feature-length films was Sabaidee Luang Prabang, made in 2008. State flag and civil ensign of Kingdom of Laos [4] [5] Three horizontal stripes, with the WebFind the perfect Kingdom Of Laos stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. [47] As of 22March2021[update] the head of state is President Thongloun Sisoulith. It survived until December 1975, when its last king, [100], Ostensibly, the Constitution of Laos that was promulgated in 1991 and amended in 2003 contains most key safeguards for human rights. o din: Sato Shinsuke. It is one of the last five communist countryballs Navigate Main page Recent changes Random page Administrators' noticeboard Explore Countryballs Historical Countryballs Userbox icons Community Wiki Discussions Discord Get the item you ordered or get your money back. [155] Government expenditure on health is about four percent of GDP,[155] about US$18 (PPP) in 2006. When he died without an heir, the kingdom split into three principalities. Shop with confidence. The Lao Royals are now based in France, where they work to achieve a change of government in Laos. [185], This article is about the country in Southeast Asia. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 56 (2020 est. Laos has the youngest population of any country in Asia with a median age of 21.6 years. [13] Because of its central geographical location in Southeast Asia, the kingdom became a hub for overland trade and became wealthy economically and culturally. )arable land: 6.2% (2018 est. )consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Collectively, they are known as Lao Soung or highland Laotians. [152], Sixty-six percent of Laotians were Theravada Buddhist, 1.5 percent Christian, 0.1 percent Muslim, 0.1 percent Jewish, and 32.3 percent were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of Satsana Phi) in 2010. "[81] Republicans called several Congressional hearings on alleged persecution of the Hmong in Laos in an apparent attempt to generate further support for their opposition to the Hmong's repatriation to Laos. Additionally, the Khao San Pathet Lao, the country's official news agency, publishes English and French versions of its eponymous paper. It is produced by the Lao Brewery Company. [63], Laos is divided into 17 provinces (khoueng) and one prefecture (kampheng nakhon), which includes the capital city Vientiane (Nakhon Louang Viangchan). ), definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 84.7%male: 90%female: 79.4% (2015), total: 10 yearsmale: 10 yearsfemale: 10 years (2020), total: 3.3%male: 3.4%female: 3.2% (2021 est. [54][55], The conflict between Hmong rebels and Laos continued in key areas of Laos, including in Saysaboune Closed Military Zone, Xaisamboune Closed Military Zone near Vientiane Province and Xiangkhouang Province. Between 1763 and 1769, Burmese armies overran northern Laos and annexed Luang Prabang, while Champasak eventually came under Siamese suzerainty. [44] On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with Luang Prabang as its capital, but on 7 April 1945 two battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city. Usually called Laos . )exports of goods and services: 34.6% (2017 est. [156] Laos was ranked 117th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 down from 113rd in 2020.[157][158][159][160][161]. Most people live in valleys of the Mekong River and its tributaries. [139]:19, The martial art of muay Lao, the national sport,[180] is a form of kickboxing similar to Thailand's muay Thai, Burmese Lethwei and Cambodian Pradal Serey. ), kips (LAK) per US dollar -9,697.916 (2021 est. Quc gia: Nht Bn. [182] Its national football team is a member of the Asian Football Confederation and of the ASEAN Football Federation. Savada, Andrea Matles (editor) (1994) "Events in 1945". Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$270.3million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$484.2million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. It is a hand-woven silk skirt that can identify the woman who wears it in a variety of ways. Settathirath disappeared in the mountains on his way back from a military expedition into Cambodia, and Lan Xang fell into more than seventy years of instability, involving both Burmese invasion and civil war. [47][46], In 1968, the PAVN launched a multi-division attack to help the Pathet Lao fight the RLA. From 1975 to 1996, the United States resettled some 250,000 Lao refugees from Thailand, including 130,000 Hmong. [126] In addition, the country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy. Today, French has a healthier status in Laos than the other Francophone nations of Asia and about 35% of all students in Laos receive their education in French, with the language being a required course in many schools. ), household consumption: 63.7% (2017 est. [109], Laos and Vietnamese (SRV) troops were reported to have raped and killed four Christian Hmong women in Xiangkhouang Province in 2011, according to the US-based non-governmental public policy research organisation The Centre for Public Policy Analysis, which also said other Christian and independent Buddhist and animist believers were being persecuted. Kingdom of Laos + Add translation Add Kingdom of Laos "Kingdom of Laos" in English - Finnish dictionary. [127] Of the potential capacity of approximately 18,000 megawatts, around 8,000 megawatts have been committed for export to Thailand and Vietnam. The khaen traditionally accompanied the singer in mor lam, the dominant style of folk music. ), urban population: 38.2% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 2.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. ), 40.726 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Investment, 2009. [151] The constitution also contains provisions for gender equality, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of press and assembly. )note: the Laos Government officially recognizes 49 ethnic groups, but the total number of ethnic groups is estimated to be well over 200. [110][111], Human rights advocates including Vang Pobzeb, Kerry and Kay Danes, and others have also raised concerns about human rights violations, torture, the arrest and detention of political prisoners as well as the detention of foreign prisoners in Laos including at the infamous Phonthong Prison in Vientiane. Now the Lao People's Democratic Republic . [78] Of those Hmong who did return to Laos, some quickly escaped back to Thailand, describing discrimination and brutal treatment at the hands of Lao authorities. Five of them were arrested and subsequently sentenced to up to 10 years imprisonment on charges of treason. )percent of population: 34% (2020 est. )refined petroleum consumption: 19,300 bbl/day (2019 est. [125], Laos is rich in mineral resources and imports petroleum and gas. [76] As many as 200,000 Hmong went into exile in Thailand, with many ending up in the US. )8,401.335 (2018 est. It is located on Grant Avenue between the path to the JFK memorial and the Tomb of the Unknowns, in Arlington, Virginia, in the United States. The stated policy objectives of both the Lao government and international donors remain focused upon achieving sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. There are two plateaux, the Xiangkhoang in the north and the Bolaven Plateau at the southern end. Lao Theung constitute about 30% of the population. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao border with Thailand. [57], Laos is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia, and it lies mostly between latitudes 14 and 23N (a small area is south of 14), and longitudes 100 and 108E. Stone artefacts including Hoabinhian types have been found at sites dating to the Late Pleistocene in northern Laos. In 1996 as the deadline for the closure of Thai refugee camps approached, and under mounting political pressure, the United States agreed to resettle Hmong refugees who passed a new screening process. ), total subscriptions: 4.1 million (2020 est. )services: 45.9% (2017 est. The Laos Government carried out resettlement programs between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s to relocate ethnic minority groups from the rural northern highlands to development areas in the lowlands ostensibly to alleviate poverty, make basic services more accessible, eliminate slash-and-burn agriculture and opium production, integrate ethnic minorities, and control rebel groups (including Hmong insurgents). For many, however, resettlement has exacerbated poverty, led to the loss of livelihoods, and increased food insecurity and mortality rates. As the resettlement programs started to wane in the second half of the 1990s, migration from the northern highlands to urban centers chiefly the capital Vientiane to pursue better jobs in the growing manufacturing and service sectors became the main type of relocation. Migration of villagers from the south seeking work in neighboring Thailand also increased. Thailand is the main international migration destination for Laotians because of the greater availability of jobs and higher pay than at home; nearly a million Laotian migrants were estimated to live in Thailand as of 2015. The United States recognized the Kingdom of Laos on February 7, 1950, when the U.S. Department of State made an Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US in 2004 and applied for Generalized System of Preferences trade benefits in 2013 after being admitted to the World Trade Organization earlier in the year. )solar: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. ::", "Global Religious Landscape; Table: Religious Composition by Country", "Human Development Report 2009. By submitting this form, I am giving express written consent to receive emails, text messages, OTT app messages (e.g., WhatsApp messages), and/or telephone calls including mobile from or on behalf of Academy of Art University at the phone number (s) I provided using automated technology. Sample translated sentence: . Additionally, many elite and French-educated Lao immigrated to nations such as the United States and France to escape government persecution. [155] The National University of Laos is the Lao state's public university. [123] Approximately 77% of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice. Subsistence agriculture still accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. [86] In 2004 and 2005, thousands of Hmong fled from the jungles of Laos to a temporary refugee camp in the Thai province of Phetchabun. Nowadays, the government recognizes 240 ethnic subgroups, 49 ethnicities, and prefers to use only four categories of ethno-linguistic similarities: Lao Tai, Mon-Khmer, Chinese Tibetan, and Hmong Mien. The Lao Tai are the majority population, and those traditionally in political power. His ministers, unable to tolerate his ruthlessness, forced him into exile to the present-day Thai province of Nan in 1373,[31] where he died. All kingdom of laos artwork ships within 48 hours and includes a 30-day money-back guarantee. [89], The European Union,[90] UNHCHR, and international groups have since spoken out about the forced repatriation. At the same time, Laos has expanded its economic reliance on the West and other Asian countries, such as Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand. The organisation estimates that there are 173,800 French speakers in Laos (2010 est.). )investment in fixed capital: 30.9% (2017 est. [25] Stone artefacts including Hoabinhian types have been found at sites dating to the Late Pleistocene in northern Laos. [176][177], Polygamy is officially a crime in Laos, though the penalty is minor. Bounchao Pichit, "Laos Cinema," in David Hanan, ed., General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, "Results of Population and Housing Census 2015", "Lao People's Democratic Republic's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2003", https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf, "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022", "Lao People's Democratic Republic and the WTO", "China train project runs roughshod over Laos", "Laos approves Xayaburi 'mega' dam on Mekong", "Laos Securities Exchange to start trading", "10 Things You Need to Know Before Visiting Laos", "Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka", "Archaeological Investigations in northern Laos: New contributions to Southeast Asian prehistory", "History and Practice of Archaeology in Laos", Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Lao People's Democratic Republic", Asian Migrations: Social and Geographical Mobilities in Southeast, East, and Northeast Asia, "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? )imports: 1.345 billion kWh (2019 est. Joining us is four-time Academy Award winning re-recording mixer, supervising sound editor, and sound designer Christopher Boyes; supervising sound [72], On 17 May 2014, Defence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Douangchay Phichit was killed in a plane crash, along with other top ranking officials. , limited return to private enterprise in 1986 Union, [ 90 ] UNHCHR, international... Any country in Southeast Asia Asia Summit overran northern Laos and annexed Prabang!, `` Human Development Report 2009 and childhood malnutrition remain at high levels production in different and. 7.02 billion cubic meters ( 2021 est. ) language, temples and the of!, they are known as Lao Soung or highland Laotians Table: Religious Composition by country,... 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