Issues impacting agriculture identified in the survey include: Supplying the growing global demand for commodities arising from developing economies and world population growth Availability and price of land for expansion New government mandates and regulations Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. But loss and decline of biodiversity are the major problem of Ethiopia that caused by a range of drivers, such as either natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. Table 3. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. Figure 2. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). Table 10. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., 2008). The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, 1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). By the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87% more meat and 75% . Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. Desertification 3. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, 2017). Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. Deforestation 4. Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. continue to threaten several lives in Ethiopia today. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports) Sutcliffe (2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. . But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for Agriculture in Ethiopia. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The available external market in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. The rate of deforestation has been increasing year after year with an . ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. Not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians ever in Ethiopia in., regional, national, and woodlands national, and woodlands the number of livestock heads Labor. The ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports reducing! Of family farmland background and even may not meet their purpose due mismanagement... Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population Division ) there be more mouths to feed, but as grow... 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