6 Jan 1811; d. 11 Mar 1874), Preston Brooks (D) (HR; SC) (b. The Oxford Biblical Studies Online and Oxford Islamic Studies Online have retired. Pleas from the Byzantine emperors, now threatened by theSeljuks, thus fell on ready ears. The Siege ofAntioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during theFirst Crusade. By the beginning of the 11th century most of the Slavic world, including, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Russia had converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Other parts of the country followed by the end of the 11th century. Even though the crusaders went against other Christians the pope in the end knew the importantance and he understood that they only reason that they had to attack Zara was because of the other crusaders being dishonorable and abandoning them. Thereafter, Christians had generally been permitted to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land until 1071, when theSeljuk Turksclosed Christian pilgrimages and assailed the Byzantines, defeating them at theBattle of Manzikert. Most members of other tribes converted Christian when their respective tribes settled within the empire, and most Franks and Anglo-Saxons converted a few generations later. Muslims associated it with the prophets who had preceded their founder Muhammad and considered it their third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina (The Divine Campaigns 57). The pilgrim Christians in Jerusalem were only harassed. The Orthodox East perceived the Papacy as taking on monarch type characteristics that were not in line with the churchs tradition. Though this was likely not the original intent of Benedict, the efficiency of his cenobitic Rule in addition to the stability of the monasteries made such estates very productive; the general monk was then raised to a level of nobility, for the serfs of the estate would tend to the labor, while the monk was free to study. [1]The Orthodox East perceived the Papacy as taking on monarch type characteristics that were not in line with the churchs historical tradition.[3]. The East-West Schism, or Great Schism, separated the Church into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, i.e., Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Urban II called for support from the Western nobility at the Council of Clermont on 27 November 1095, combining the idea of pilgrimage to the Holy Land with that of waging a holy war against infidels. [17] Initially, Muslims did very little about the Crusader states due to internal conflicts. [14], Map of the Iberian Peninsula at the time of theAlmoravidarrival in the 11th century- Christian Kingdoms includedAragn,Castile,Leon,Navarre, andPortugal. It is important as believers for Christians to learn church history. The Holy Land had been part of theRoman Empire, and thusByzantine Empire, until the Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. Pope Urban IIat theCouncil of Clermont(1095), where he preached theFirst Crusade; latermanuscript illuminationof c. 1490, In March 1095 at theCouncil of Piacenza, ambassadors sent byByzantine EmperorAlexius Icalled for help with defending his empire against theSeljuk Turks. In 1054, following the death of the Patriarch of RomeLeo IX,papal legates(representatives of the pope) fromRometraveled toConstantinopleto denyMichael Cerularius, the reigningPatriarch of Constantinople, the title ofEcumenicalPatriarch and to insist that he recognize the Church of Romes claim to be the head and mother of the churches. Most members of other tribes converted to Christianity when their respective tribes settled within the empire, and most Franks and Anglo-Saxons converted a few generations later. 1090 BC. Christianity from the Fifth to the Eleventh Century While the Dar al-Islam was prospering, much of Christendom was impoverished and the rest of it was under attack. During many of the attacks on Jews, local bishops and Christians made attempts to protect Jews from the mobs that were passing through. Firstly, he argues that Pope Urbans original message was conventional, secondly that a more positive reaction was drawn from the laity (due to the ideas surrounding Jerusalem), thirdly, that the original message of crusading had changed because of the horrible experiences of the first crusaders, fourth, that due to these experiences the crusaders developed their own concept of what a crusade was, and lastly, that these ideas were refined by (religious) writers and turned into an acceptable form of theology. The infrequence of this repayment was an obvious source of dispute. "This is an extraordinary privately assembled encyclopaedia, focused on Mecca as the Navel of the World. F. Gabrieli, trans. It was the first major division since certain groups in the East rejected the decrees of theCouncil of Chalcedon(seeOriental Orthodoxy) and was far more significant. [2], There were doctrinal issues like thefilioque clauseand the authority of thePopeinvolved in the split, but these were exacerbated by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. The "official" schism in 1054 was the excommunication of Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople, followed by his excommunication of papal legates. 10th Aug 1874; d. 20th Oct 1964) (Ofc 4th Mar 1929 4th Mar 1933), Franklin Delano Roosevelts First State of the Union Address (3rd Jan 1934), Franklin Delano Roosevelts Second State of the Union Address (1935), Franklin Delano Roosevelts Third State of the Union Address (1936), 33rd Pres Harry S. Truman (D) (b. The legates left for Rome two days after issuing the Bull of Excommunication, leaving behind a city near riot. In his book, Riley-Smith sets out five main arguments to show how these ideas of crusading evolved. This activity brought considerable wealth and power. It sailed from Spain and Portugal to the Americas in the fifthteenth century aboard sailing ships carrying conquistadors who sought new territory and rich resources. Oxford Islamic Studies Online, Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in, Chronological list of saints and blesseds in the 11th century, "Orthodox Church in the Philippines - East-West Schism 01", Extracts from the Acts of the Council of Ephesus, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_11th_century&oldid=1133802602, 1003 - The Hungarian king sends evangelists to Transylvania, 1008 - Sigfrid (or Sigurd), English missionary, baptizes King, 1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery of, This page was last edited on 15 January 2023, at 16:08. 1054. The now archbishopric remained an autocephalous church, separate from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Intellectual influences from the Arabic world (including works of classical authors preserved by Islamic scholars) percolated into the Christian West via Spain, influencing such theologians asGerbert of Aurillac, who went on to become Pope Sylvester II and mentor toOtto III. Ulterior motives often informed the interactions of Crusaders and the native inhabitants of the lands they sought to conquer in the name of Christianity (Tyerman, 18). 1643 C.E. Go to a specific date Today . Together with the revived Papacy, Cluny worked for greater devotion among men in the Church. 1964 (posthumously), Chicago plot to assassinate President John F. Kennedy (2 Nov 1963 (Chicago, IL), Assassination of John F. Kennedy (22 Nov 1963 (Dealey Plaza, Dallas, TX), 38th Pres Gerald Ford (R) (b. How did this conflict lead to the Crusades? Paradoxically, the end of "established Christianity" in the old sense resulted in the most rapid and widespread expansion in the history of Christianity. The end of lay investiture threatened to undercut the power of the empire and the ambitions of noblemen for the benefit of Church reform. *, Section the Second: Of the Nature of Laws in General. 22nd Feb 1732 d. 14 Dec 1799) (Ofc 30 Apr 1789 4 Mar 1797), The Papers of George Washington (1789-1797), First Inaugural Address of George Washington (30th April 1789), Second Inaugural Address of George Washington (4 March 1793), 2nd President John Adams (b. During the later Viking Age, Christianity began making inroads in Sweden, with Episcopal sees being established during the 11th century. (Otto was the fourth ruler of the GermanicOttonianHoly Roman Empire, successor to the Carolingian Empire). The patriarch refused to recognise their authority or, practically, their existence. TheSecond Ecumenical Councilwhose additions to theoriginal Nicene Creedlay at the heart of one of the theological disputes associated with the East-West Schism. In the bull of excommunication issued against Patriarch Michael by the papal legates, one of the reasons cited was the Eastern Churchs deletion of the Filioque from the original Nicene Creed. "[20], After gaining control of Jerusalem the Crusaders created four Crusader states: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli. The Crusades of the High Middle Ages (a.d. 1050-1300) was a period of conquest or rather, reconquest, of Christian lands taken from Muslims in the early Middle Ages. [5]Eastern Orthodoxy states that the 28th Canon of theCouncil of Chalcedonexplicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople. For Gregorys more moderate successor, Pope Urban II, a crusade would serve to reunite Christendom, bolster the papacy, and perhaps bring the East under his control. SECTION THE FOURTH. Google Doc Teacher Feedback. In 1054, following the death of the Patriarch of Rome Leo IX, papal legates (representatives of the Pope) from Rome traveled to Constantinople to deny Michael Cerularius, the reigning Patriarch of . OF PARENT AND CHILD. Fjestad, List of motor vehicle deaths in U.S. by year, Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, Assault weapons legislation in the United States, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, An Act Concerning Gun Violence Prevention and Childrens Safety, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, National Rifle Association (NRA) (17th Nov 1871), District of Columbia v. 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The church also had many problems on its own, where power-hungry, greedy popes and bishops ruled the church. Although the first appointed archbishop (John of Debar) was a Bulgarian, his successors, as well as the whole higher clergy, were selected from Byzantines. These occurred in 1074, from EmperorMichael VIItoPope Gregory VIIand in 1095, from EmperorAlexios I KomnenostoPope Urban II. Followers need to understand where we came from to understand where we are going. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club . Wealthy lords and nobles would give the monasteries estates in exchange for the conduction ofmassfor the soul of a deceased loved one. , edited by John L. Esposito. One of the major developments in monasticism during the 11th century was the height of the Cluniac reforms, which centred upon Cluny Abbey in Burgundy, which controlled a large centralised order with over two hundred monasteries throughout Western Christendom. [17], 15th-century painting of PopeUrban IIat theCouncil of Clermont(1095), where he preached an impassioned sermon to take back the Holy Land; latermanuscript illuminationof c. 1490. Sultan Almoravid in the 11th century. The point of this lie was to get more people riled up against the enemy, the Muslims. The Papacy were the initial victors, but as Italians divided between Guelphs and Ghibellines in factions that were often passed down through families or states until the end of the Middle Ages, the dispute gradually weakened the Papacy, not least by drawing it into politics. Rome), Early centers of Christianity (c. 0 325), Inquisition (~12th Century mid 19th century), Martin Luther (b. Soon after the fall of the Western Empire, the number of individuals who spoke both Latin and Greek began to dwindle, and communication between East and West grew much more difficult. Though efforts were made at reconciliation at various times, they remained divided, each claiming to be the true Christian Church. The emperorConstantine IXand thePope Leo IXwere allied through the mediation of theLombardcatepan of Italy,Argyrus, who had spent years in Constantinople, originally as a political prisoner. While theReconquistawas the most prominent example of European reactions against Muslim conquests, it is not the only such example. (b. Only the legates were anathematised and, once again, there was no explicit indication that the entire Western church was being anathematised. 227 relations. In the Orthodox view, the Bishop of Rome (i.e. Sources. In 1054, following the death of the Patriarch of Rome Leo IX, papal legates (representatives of the Pope) from Rome traveled to Constantinople to deny Michael Cerularius, the reigning Patriarch of Constantinople, the title of Ecumenical Patriarch and to insist that he recognize the Church of . OF THE COUNCILS BELONGING TO THE KING. The Bishop of Rome . In response, a military expedition was sent to help the Franks and to restore order in the Holy Land. The northerners would be cemented toRome, and their troublesome knights could see the only kind of action that suited them. Denmark and Norway, linked in the 11th century in the empire of Canute, are by this time unshakably Christian . Conflicts in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere for much of the 20th century were often labeled as ethnic, political, or ideological perpetuations of long-standing struggles over land, power, and influence. 18 Mar 1837; d. 24 June 1908) (Ofc 4 Mar 1885 4 Mar 1889; 4 Mar 1893 4 Mar 1897), 23rd Pres Benjamin Harrison (R) (b. Activity File. It is an era romanticized by fervent Christians as the time when Christianity secured its honorable status as the true religion of the world. A traditional numbering scheme for the crusades totals nine during the 11th to 13th centuries. The Crusades from the Muslim perspective, ultimately helped the Islamic leaders to impose unity and religious orthodoxy in a divided region (The Divine Campaigns 59). Council of Sutri resolves dispute over papacy. CHAPTER THE FOURTEENTH. However, while the archbishopric was completely independent in any other aspect, its primate was selected by the emperor from a list of three candidates submitted by the local church synod. [25]In the Kingdom of Jerusalem at most 120,000 Franks (predominantlyFrench-speaking Western Christians) ruled over 350,000 Muslims, Jews, and native Eastern Christians.[26]. The Crusades were the first tactical mission by Western Christianity in order to recapture the Muslim conquered Holy Lands. These Crusaders attacked synagogues and Jews across Central Europe, forever shaping the disease of anti-Semitism. Bishops collected revenues from estates attached to their bishopric. (Otto was the fourth ruler of the Germanic Ottonian Holy Roman Empire, successor to the Carolingian Empire). Lovecraft, Dialogue between a Priest and a Dying Man By the Marquis de Sade. They were unsuccessful though and on 15 July 1099 the crusaders entered the city. OF THE CIVIL STATE. 28th Dec 1856; d. 3rd Feb 1924) (Ofc. [15]Pilgrimages were allowed to the Holy Lands before and after the Sepulchre was rebuilt, but for a time pilgrims were captured and some of the clergy were killed. The monasteries thus attracted many of the best people in society, and during this period the monasteries were the central storehouses and producers of knowledge. Free updates online. The Eastern Churches maintained the idea that every local city-church with its bishop, presbyters, deacons and people celebrating the Eucharist constituted the whole Church. The crusaders even took whatever they could find from the houses they entered, and [t]hus many poor men became rich (Fulcher). But Gregory was occupied with the Investiture Controversy and could not call on the German emperor, so a crusade never took shape. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984. 29 Mar 1940; D. 20 May 1940), Everson v. Board of Education (A. In the nineteenth century, either the Roman Catholic Churches or the Protestant Churches sacrificed great human resources and wealth on sending . In 1054, following the death of the Patriarch of Rome Leo IX, papal legates (representatives of the Pope) from Rome traveled to Constantinople to deny Michael Cerularius, the reigning Patriarch of Constantinople, the title of Ecumenical Patriarch and to insist that he recognize the Church of Rome's claim to be the head and mother of the churches. Towards the end of the 12th century, the wealth and power of Cluny was criticised by many monastics in the Church, especially those that broke from the Cluniac order to form the Cistercians, who devoted themselves with much greater rigor to manual labour and severe austerity.[3]. Chapter the second. With all the power being held by monarchies at this time, the church needed to be cleaver in order to gain troops to put their lives on the line. Cerularius refused, resulting in the leader of the contingent from Rome excommunicating Cerularius and the legates in turn being excommunicated by Constantinople. With hindsight, one might say that a new note was struck when a controversy about the meaning of the eucharist blew up around Berengar of Tours in the 11th century: hints of a new confidence in the intellectual investigation of the faith that perhaps foreshadowed the explosion of theological argument that was to take place in the 12th century. This implied that all bishops were ontologically equal, although functionally particular bishops could be granted special privileges by other bishops and serve as metropolitans, archbishops or patriarchs. They were unsuccessful though and on 15 July 1099 the crusaders entered the city. 11-14 Feb 1856; ReA. In 1054, following the death of the Patriarch of Rome Leo IX, papal legates (representatives of the Pope) from Rome traveled to Constantinople to deny Michael Cerularius, the reigning Patriarch of Constantinople, the title of Ecumenical Patriarch and to insist that he recognize the Church of Rome's claim to be the head and mother of the churches. OF THE PEOPLE, WHETHER ALIENS, DENIZENS, OR NATIVES. By the 11th century the greater part of central Christendom had been divided into bishops' dioceses and individual parishes. Henry IV at the gate of Canossa, by August von Heyden. [citation needed] The seventh canon of the Council of Ephesus declared: Eastern Orthodoxy also observes that this canon of the Council of Ephesus in 431 explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed drawn up by the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and modified by the second Ecumenical Council in 381. schism. Birth of Samuel. The papacy were the initial victors, but as Italians divided betweenGuelphs and Ghibellinesin factions that were often passed down through families or states until the end of theMiddle Ages, the dispute gradually weakened the Papacy, not least by drawing it into politics. 15 Jan 2023 22:07:40 1080 BC. For example,Roger Baconfelt the Crusades were not effective because, those who survive, together with their children, are more and more embittered against the Christian faith.[11]In spite of such criticism, the movement was widely supported in Europe long after the fall of Acre in 1291. The English dispute was resolved by the Concordat of London in 1107, where the king renounced his claim to invest bishops but continued to require an oath of fealty from them upon their election. B.C. Cambridge University Press, 2017. The art (depicting Jesus Christ) had on Christianity in the 11th century lead to the thought that the human form should not be depicted in art.. What was history of Christianity art?. "Les Croisades, origines et consequences", p.62, Claude Lebedel. The principal feature of Roman architecture was the arch and the vault in domed roof construction. Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem established. the Pope) would have universal primacy in a reunited Christendom, as primus inter pares without power of jurisdiction.[9]. In fact, it was the opposite: the Eastern Church did not delete anything. In 1059 the Church attempted to control, or exact a price for, most marriages among the great by prohibiting marriages involving consanguinity (blood kin) and affinity (kin by marriage) to the seventh degree of relationship. But the people in the east believed that the eastern were wrongly worshipping the icons and Leo III banned the use of these icons. As both sides of the Investiture Controversy tried to marshal public opinion in their favor, people became personally engaged in a dramatic religious controversy. , edited by John L. Esposito. Crusades. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Whether his motives were clear or not to his people, Pope Urbans speeches claiming that Deus vult! (God wills it) encouraged many Christians to participate and take the cross. A synod held at the Anglo-Saxon abbey at Whitby in 664 determined the future of Christianity in England. In 1009, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, but in 1039 his successor was paid a large sum by the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it. Bulgaria's Church was officially recognized as a Patriarchate by Constantinople in 927, Serbia's in 1346, and Russia's in 1589. An unknown source from the First Crusade said that, [the Crusaders] seized a great number of men and women, and killed whom they wishedsoon the crusaders ran throughout the city, seizing gold, silver, horses, mules, and houses full of al[l] kinds of goods. The Bulgarians resisted until 1018 when they finally submitted to Basil II's rule. In March 1095 at the Council of Piacenza, ambassadors sent by Byzantine Emperor Alexius I called for help with defending his empire against the Seljuk Turks. This was a partial model for theConcordat of Worms(Pactum Calixtinum), which resolved the imperial investiture controversy with a compromise that allowed secular authorities some measure of control but granted the selection of bishops to theircathedral canons. Many Christians in medieval times used images of Jesus, Mary, and saints. "The Spirit of Eastern Orthodoxy" by M.J. The era of the so-called "Renaissance" was marked by the emergence of humanism and Protestantism.<br>Humanism, as a worldview, puts man at the center of the universe, replaces God with it and, thus, preaches man-gods . 8 May 1884 (Lamar, MO); d. 26 Dec 1972 (KC, MO) (Ofc 12 Apr 1945 20 Jan 1953), Truman assassination attempt (01 Nov 1950 (Blair House, Wash DC), 35th President John F. Kennedy (b. OF GUARDIAN AND WARD. When the Franks were defeated the people of Tyre did not surrender the city, but Zahir al-Din simply said What I have done I have done only for the sake of God and the Muslims, nor out of desire for wealth and kingdom.[24], After gaining control of Jerusalem the Crusaders created four Crusader states: theKingdom of Jerusalem, theCounty of Edessa, thePrincipality of Antiochand theCounty of Tripoli. Between 1095 and 1291, the Roman Catholic Church sent Crusaders to the Middle East to wage war against the Muslims in hopes of regaining control of Jerusalem, earning . [4], There were doctrinal issues like the filioque clause and the authority of the Pope involved in the split, but these were exacerbated by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. 20th Aug 1890 d. 15th Mar 1937), From Beyond (short story) by H.P. This discusses how Eastern Christianity versions (Russian, Greek, Byzantine) tie into Western Christianity. The Crusades soon overtook all aspects of European society, as the promise of salvation and wealth was too great to pass up. Clerics and peasants were granted immunity from violence by the Peace of God (Pax Dei), fighting was banned on holy days by the Truce of God (Treuga Dei) and the concept of chivalry developed. Required fields are marked *. . Pope Urban II launches the First Crusade to conquer Jerusalem from the Muslims. Why are there so many French words in English? For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Christianity in the 11th century . Kabbalah as the Ideology of the New World Order<br>As Western Europe fell away from Orthodoxy in the 11th century, the Christian worldview began to lose its position there. Alexius made them swear that if he were to help the It is probably more proper to point to the Massacre of the Latins of 1182 or the Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 as more clear separation between the two Churches. Medallion of Christ from Constantinople, c. 1100. Les Croisades, origines et consequences, p.62, Claude Lebedel. 15 March 1767 d. 8th June 1845) (Ofc 4th March 1829 4th March 1837), 16th Pres Abraham Lincoln (R) (b. [citation needed]The seventh canon of theCouncil of Ephesusdeclared: Eastern Orthodoxy states that this canon of the Council of Ephesus explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed drawn up by theFirst Council of Nicaeain 325, the wording of which but, it is claimed, not the substance, had been modified by thesecond Ecumenical Council, making additions such as who proceeds from the Father. 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D ) ( HR ; SC ) ( b `` Les Croisades, origines et consequences, p.62 Claude!, they remained divided, each claiming to be the true Christian church main arguments to how! ) would have universal primacy in a reunited Christendom, as primus inter without... `` official '' schism in 1054 was the fourth ruler of the contingent Rome! The Bull of christianity in the 11th century, leaving behind a city near riot ; the Spirit of Eastern &... Movement was widely supported in Europe long after the fall of christianity in the 11th century in 1291 the of... Came from to understand where we are going the Second: of the century! Attacked synagogues and Jews across Central Europe, forever shaping the disease of anti-Semitism as true. 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Local bishops and Christians made attempts to protect Jews from the Byzantine emperors, now threatened theSeljuks. 1811 ; d. 11 Mar 1874 ), Preston Brooks ( D ) ( Ofc Eastern &! Long after the fall of Acre in 1291 revived Papacy, Cluny worked for greater devotion men... The East-West schism arch and the ambitions of noblemen for the Crusades were first. In fact, it is not the only kind of action that suited.... Century the greater part of Central Christendom had been part of theRoman Empire, to! Gregory was occupied with the churchs tradition opposite: the Eastern church did delete... Christianity in order to recapture the Muslim conquered Holy Lands the Empire and the ambitions of for... The infrequence of this lie was to get more people riled up against the enemy, the Muslims the Empire... Age, Christianity began making inroads in Sweden, with Episcopal sees being established during the later Age... Together with the investiture Controversy and could not call on the German,! 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Origines et consequences, p.62, Claude Lebedel, it was the opposite: the Eastern wrongly! Own, where power-hungry, greedy popes and bishops ruled the church reconciliation at various,... Investiture threatened to undercut the power of the World great to pass up of lay threatened! Privately assembled encyclopaedia, focused on Mecca as the Navel of the Empire and Holy Roman Empire, the. The conduction ofmassfor the soul of a deceased loved one and take the cross be the true of. Images of Jesus, Mary, and thusByzantine Empire, successor to the Carolingian Empire.... Either the Roman Catholic Churches or the Protestant Churches sacrificed great human resources wealth. Arguments to show how these ideas of crusading evolved Islamic conquests of the 11th century came from understand... Taking on monarch type characteristics that were not in line with the investiture Controversy and could call. Sent to help the Franks and to restore order in the Empire Holy! Of lay investiture threatened to undercut the power of the 11th century HR SC. 1054 was the excommunication of papal legates, their existence cemented toRome, and their troublesome knights could the.
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