The thought of having such a potentially dangerous material filling our furniture or insulating the walls of our homes is not good. Wool is breathable and doesnt overheat a sleeping baby. The comfort inside of your car may just be thanks to the use of polyurethane inside the vehicle. We strongly recommend against removing any well-performing spray foam insulation. All rights reserved. Firstly, we hope that you are satisfied with your installation and that your home is both warmer and cheaper to run. The EnviroKlenz Air Purifier, however, is unlike traditional air purification technologies as it works to completely capture, contain, and neutralize a broad spectrum of noxious and toxic chemicals and odors from the air (including polyurethane fumes) through the use of a proprietary earth mineral technology. Although there is a serious debate in the healthcare community about the health impacts of off gassing, whats not debated is the effect it can have on the environment and your air quality. Even if youre not convinced that the foam is as dangerous as some believe, are you sure enough to risk the health of your baby? Home Logic's continued commitment to you is that we only use the highest quality products, installed to the highest standards. Evidence shows that it isnt the best material for a baby to sleep on, with health hazards eminently present. That might be a little nave. These VOCs come mainly from the polyurethane used in the mattress, but also. Flexible polyurethane foam (FPF) is a polymer produced from the reaction of polyols and isocyanates, a chemical process pioneered in 1937. Others feature on the Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) agenda as well as the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) list. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The question becomes after the application of spray foam insulation how long to stay out of the house before re-inhabiting. And as polyurethane foam disintegrates over time, there may be more dust with ageing material. Ask other parents, read labels closely and understand what standards really mean. What you need to ask yourself is are you prepared to take the risk with your health? Always consult your medical physician for any specific medical advice or recommendations., ENVIROKLENZ Type a message 239.330.9650 custserv@timilon.com. After four weeks you will notice that practically all of the scent has disappeared. There are alternatives to polyurethane foam. Homeowners who already have spray foam insulation within their properties report of energy bill savings up to 40% a hefty discount to household expenditure. At least once a week its wise to peel back the sheets from the mattress and stand it up straight or lean it against a wall while youre out at work. They will give good reinforcement/edge support, and there are all great for couples. Pretty, shallow baskets are available that are made from seagrasses in a range of patterns. There is no one time frame that it takes for products such as carpeting, rugs or mattresses to off gas. Fumes from Water-based poly often dissipate completely after 21 days. Polyurethane wood finish is a product used on wood building materials found throughout a home that is used to coat the surfaces of this wood, which helps to protect the material from scratches while also resisting water damage if exposed to water occurs. These volatile organic compounds break down over time, slowly releasing these gases into our homes. VOCs may affect the eyes, respiratory system, damage kidneys, liver, nervous system and cause cancer. Others may take as long as five years. Because of this property, it is a preferred material in furniture . You work hard to provide all the right things and you do everything within your power to give them the finest life possible. Spray foam insulation is a chemical polyurethane mixture, water-blown to create a foam. Polyurethane foam properties enhanced when introducing N2 into your mixture include improving mixing quality. However, some believe that these chemicals can cause a variety of severe health problems including developmental brain disorders and cancer. ABOUT | CONTACT | LEGAL DISCLOSURES | PRIVACY POLICY, COPYRIGHT2023 THE SAFE PARENT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. I feel horribly scammed!! Everyday life suddenly becomes full of peril. Youve got this. For instance, the moment that you unwrap a new mattress, that's when it will likely off gas the most. Unlike more traditional insulation products, it will not degrade as it ages, and as well as off gassing, will not release any mould or damp spores into the air around it. The best hand-me-downs are made of natural materials, such as wood, cotton and wool. This soft and springy material makes a good filling for mattresses with no added chemicals. My husband weighs 230 and I weigh 190. Take a look at these mattresses. Tempur-Pedic offers a wide range of memory foam mattresses. Jill. However, when it became widely used in household furniture, deaths linked to fires increased. Learn more about spray foam insulation use in a home and how long you should stay out of the house to let the spray foam insulation off gas inside the environment! These products are not inferior and they are not less attractive. Let it off gas After unboxing the product, leave it in a well-ventilated room for 1-3 days. Polyurethane foam off gasses quite heavily and because the Purple is transported in a box and plastic wrap, it might need slightly longer to off-gas than a mattress shipped whole in a container without any compressed wrapping. The length of time that it takes for polyurethane to cure and dry in the environment is typically the same length of time that it is considered toxic in the indoor air space. Fax | 941.866.0428 Once the spray foam insulation project is finished, if a low VOC product was used that re-occupancy time would be between two and four hours. But things arent all rosy; there are some health issues that you need to consider when you receive your new purchase, especially when one of those is an off gassing mattress. Manufacturers will tell you its safe in situ. Whether it should be used so freely in baby products is up for debate but there are strong arguments against it. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Is polyurethane foam mattress safe for babies? After spraying the product, allow it to dry completely and then vacuum the surface once . Although it may not eliminate the off-gassing, it can reduce it significantly and perhaps even to the point whereby it poses no risk to your family. . Both hold CentriPUR-US, GreenGuard . The inhalation of isocyanates produced from spray foam will have a varying degree of harm to an individuals health, with no recognized safe level of this chemical produced into the air. Maybe moving the components to another area of the house will be better but the foam is heavy and may tear. Solvents are thought to damage the reproductive system, liver and kidneys. These Tempur-Pedic mattresses can give you greater support where you need it with little to no counter pressure. How long does closed cell foam off gas? In this article, we are going to learn more about spray foam insulation used in a home, along with the chemicals that are used in this building material and how long you should stay out of the house to let the spray foam insulation off-gas in the environment. If you leave it lying down the gases from the bottom will be unable to escape. While many would argue that the health impacts are negligible, the smell can be unpleasant and the effort required is minimal. The use and application of polyurethane can be quite broad, going further than the traditional method of using this chemical product just for a wood surface finishing. Foam mattresses, including memory foam mattresses, have become extremely popular for their affordability and softness. As already mentioned get in touch and speak with on of our experts to answer any more questions you may have. Isocyanates are a chemical substance that is widely used in the manufacturing of flexible and rigid foams, fibers, and coatings. As a result, most experts recommend that you air it out for 24 hours, a number which is backed by the Sleep Products Safety Council. Thanks for your support! From carbon, ozone, ionization, and HEPA filtration, each of these will work differently when trying to filter and remove chemical pollutants from the air. As with other brands, youre required to remove it from the box and take off any plastic packaging before you let it expand. This info is good, but know one ever asks about couples on these mattresses. Should I be worried about having spray foam installed in my property? Is there any truth in this? VOCs are an unavoidable part of polyurethane foams, even those that contain a percentage of green materials. Try this simple recipe for an all-purpose cleaner: 1/2 cup white vinegar. But this would depend on the chemicals used in the first place. In this article, we are going to learn more about the effects of polyurethane chemical finishing on wood and discuss the best methods to use to get rid of polyurethane fumes smell throughout the tainted air space of a home. Untruths, cover-ups and conspiracy theories will cloud the issues at every turn. The length of time that the polyurethane will off gas in a home can vary depending on the amount of flooring laid, the conditions present in the home (ventilation, airflow, temperature, humidity, etc. An eye-opening study was completed by the American Chemical Society called the Identification of Flame Retardants in Polyurethane Foam Collected From Baby Products. This mixture is processed in different ways to make various, regularly used products. It contains five support zones, is made in the United States, and comes with a 25-year warranty. Thus, it is important to see how exactly polyurethane is used and understand the impact it has when applied in each of these particular products. After airing out will this bed be safe for him in his condition? The Safe Parent is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. And the toxins they come into contact with can damage their development. Do you know if Tempurpedic uses returned beds as warranty replacements? Lindsay is a contributor and the senior editor of all content posted on this site. Noticeably, in the first two months, much of the lifetime VOCs will be released, and therefore you would expect the continuation of off gassing for the first two months. In fact, many of the components found in polyurethane foam furniture are on the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) list. When you first unbox one, youll notice a potent chemical smell that can be overpowering and nauseating. Traditional polyurethane foam which is used by Leesa and Tuft and Needle is excellent, but it compresses under your weight rather than contouring and adjusting. The initial curing time of the polyurethane after it has been applied to a large portion of your homes floor can be up to 5 to 7 days. Even after an install, a project's furnishings and finishes can leach harmful chemicals into the air for years through a process called off-gassing. . Our current mattress is 9-10 years old. One of the most notable uses of polyurethane is in building and construction work, specifically to coat wood surfaces as a finishing. But soon after these changes, people started noticing they were suffering from health issues that they hadnt experienced before. Similarly, the flame-retardant chemicals, phthalates, and benzene have been linked to other issues including cancer, chromosome damage, fertility problems, and behavioral issues. Does Spray Foam Work In The Cold Climate? Is it not a better idea to turn to the safer option just in case? Polyurethane is very cheap to produce and thats always a compelling argument. When it comes to hand-me-downs, a whole new debate opens up. Be our Customer Number 3000 in 2019 & Win, Driveways Patios Pathways House Surrounds & Much More, Home Logic UK Ltd. 2018. During the construction or renovations of a home, there are certain must-haves that need to be placed in the structure of this indoor environment that can contribute to the functioning of several components within the home including ventilation, airflow, climate control, etc. However, it produces lots of VOCs, and therefore airing out the bed to allow for off-gassing in the first few weeks is essential. Look for GOTS certified organic cotton. When you think about it, a foam made from a by-product of petroleum sounds risky. It is nothing like the one we tried in the store and is putting off a horrible chemical smell. How long does it take for polyurethane fumes to dissipate? Side B of spray foam insulation contains a blend of proprietary chemicals that provide unique properties in the foam that include polyols, flame retardants. What is the example of second order phase transition? Keep in mind that CertiPUR-US's limits for VOCs coming. Similarly, if your home has restricted airflow and or ventilation it will also slow down the off-gassing process, leaving the chemicals suspended in the air for longer on average. Who can you trust and should you buy baby products that contain this questionable foam? Polyurethane was created as a replacement for rubber, a material that was hard to get hold of during the war. Mattress off-gassing is the continual release of gases from your mattress, not only at night but also throughout the day. There are labels on baby products, and they often say they comply with various regulations and safety standards, including being fire resistant, but at what cost? When isocyanate chemicals come into contact with an individual it could aggravate about of health symptoms that can range in severity from acute to severe. Instead, lighting a few candles around the home can get rid of much of the scent without putting more dangerous gases into your house. Best Baby Crib Accessories (Reviews of Top 3 Essentials), Parents Guide to Non-Toxic Cribs 2021: Solid Wood, Greenguard-Certified, Small Baby Cribs for Small Spaces: Best Space Saving Mini Cribs 2021, Crib Attached To Bed: Best Baby Co-sleeper Cribs, Bassinets & Beds 2021, Best Non-Toxic Play Mats: Top Baby Floor Play Mats Reviewed, Best Organic Diapers Top 6 Natural Disposable Baby Diaper Reviews, Best Potty Training Seats & Potty Chairs in 2021, Best Kiddie Pool 2021: Top Non-toxic & Hard Plastic Kiddie Pools, Best Organic Hiking Baby Carrier: Top 7 Baby Hiking Backpacks, Best Umbrella Stroller for Travel in 2021. When there are numerous studies all highlighting the dangers of the material, you might wonder, why is polyurethane used at all? My understanding of urethane foams (e.g. These cookies do not store any personal information. This also has benefits to the environment of saving on energy, and increasing the propertys energy efficiency. The smartest way to air out your mattress is to lean it up against a wall near a range of windows so that only the smallest amount of the surface is touching the floor and wall. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Polyurethane, also known as a petrochemical resin, that contain isocyanates, has been labeled as a respiratory toxin that can be dangerous if exposure occurs, particularly in high levels. The findings provide real food for thought. 4-PCH gives off a pungent odor that can linger for days, even weeks sometimes. The installation of new wood finishings in your home can be something exciting for many homeowners who thrive in the new updated look of their personal indoor environment. E-mail-custserv@timilon, Learn More About The EnviroKlenz Air System, how to get rid of the polyurethane smells and fumes. very informative and safe! Check the labels, if there are still any visible, and avoid anything marked with TB 117. You can open the mattress outside and allow it to off-gas for at least one to two days in a well-ventilated area with cross breezes. However, the introduction of new wood building materials and items in your indoor environment will also allow for the scary entrance of a variety of chemical compounds to begin its reign of terror on your homes indoor air space. It can produce fumes, while curing, which can be toxic to humans, or induce asthma and there are reports of polyurethane . Dangers that you were unaware of before can be spotted everywhere. They use a variety of different materials in their mattresses, but for those worried about VOCs and off-gassing, its important to note that it uses polyurethane foam just like the Leesa. Spray foam insulation has been shown to improve the quality of the air within the home, as it prevents pollutants and allergens from entering, promoting a cleaner and healthier environment within. There are few homes in the country that dont have some polyurethane foam in them somewhere. Water-based polyurethane can have less of an offensive odor when compared to oil-based products, but floors require at least four coats to achieve the desired level of protection. Often it just takes a little research to find what you want. This keeps it 100% reader supported and free of sponsorships. This enables the foam to breathe, reducing the duration of the off gassing process. The following are commonly found in foam mattresses: These chemicals dont always stay in the foam but are thought to contaminate the entire room gradually. If the scent is too strong, you can continue to air it out for longer and rotate it periodically to ensure that the entire bed can air out. If this isn't possible, open your windows and use fans and air filters . FPF is characterized by a cellular structure that allows for some degree of compression and resilience that provides a cushioning effect. Home Logic is working closely with the National Insulation Association, mortgage lenders and the surveyors community to resolve the issues described. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. For natural baby changing pads, there are some amazing alternatives to foam filled mats. Instead, its wise to keep it inside at all times to prevent it from becoming tarnished. It is well documented that these substances are harmful to people and the environment. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Home Logic is a registered trademark of Home Logic UK Ltd (UK00003267772) Home Logic UK Ltd is registered in England and Wales. To reduce this risk, you must remove the plastic and let the gas escape, typically for about 24 hours at least. In response to these terrible deaths, safety standards for furniture were brought in. For your son, id recommend looking into some of these non-toxic mattresses that we have reviewed. When we get into bed I have to hang on to the side of the bed so I dont roll to the middle. Our expert team can advise on the suitability of spray foam insulation, based on a free home survey. The arguments against choosing baby products containing polyurethane foam due to toxicity are strong. SO15 3EU. It can be formed into any shape and size, and it doesnt easily degrade which is an advantage if you want the product to last. Home Logic & LogicFoam are aware of issues surrounding the sale or re-financing of properties following the installation of spray foam insulation. After the installation of polyurethane and other building materials in your home, you will begin to wonder how long it takes for the polyurethane fume odors to stop smelling in your home. Although these are important characteristics that most homeowners want for their wood flooring, cabinets, and furniture, these benefits may be at the detriment to the health of the occupants in this space and to the indoor air quality in your home. The off-gassing odor strength varies among models, but consumers can expect it to dissipate within the first two weeks. One of the best methods to use in a home on how to get rid of the polyurethane smells and fumes from the air is through the use of an air purification device. We produce polyurethane foam and apply our spray insulation by combining two liquid components into the area to be insulated. Great article thanks! Mattresses arent produced using only natural ingredients, and therefore the manufacturing process uses machinery, chemicals, and human-made products. How much do leading brand mattress off-gas? However, not only does this plastic have a noticeably unpleasant smell, but it also keeps in the VOCs from the foam and adhesives, preventing them from escaping and causing them to seep back into the bed. 2-6 Shirley Road How long do polyurethane fumes last? Why is polyurethane foam used in mattresses? Jul 8, 2021. This period will allow further off gassing which is nearly impossible with your sheets on the bed. Please be aware that we make no guarantee or representation as to the recognition or acceptance accorded by 3rd parties (for example, mortgage companies, equity release or valuers) to such accreditations or advice. Those living within a property may choose to evacuate it during the installation process, and for a 24-hour period thereafter. There is an argument for older foam being safer, its had time to lose its toxicity with fumes long dissipated from the foam. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Here at LogicFoam, we install spray foam insulation in properties across the UK. Below we are going to discuss more in-depth these different uses of polyurethane and why this chemical finishing product is used. Polyurethane foam, by using a variety of advanced mix heads, can be applied to an array of open and closed molds as well as sprayed for different applications. Now if a higher VOC spray foam is used, that re-occupancy time is much higher - between 24 and 48 hours. If they admit that its hard for those in authority to keep updated, what chance does the average parent have? This superior seal keeps the property within warm, dry and free from pests and damp. Polyurethane will off-gas until its reached a full cure, which can take a while, anywhere from 20-30 days depending on exact conditions. The duration for which Polyurethane fumes can last depends on the type of poly used. What you will have no doubt heard about polyurethane foam is that it is toxic, can cause cancer and damage a childs development. With an open window and a few candles around the home, not near the mattress, you should notice that the smell dissipates significantly in the first few hours. This documentation can be very useful in providing peace of mind and should a problem arise at the point of sale or re-financing to share with surveyors and/or lenders. Some pieces of furniture will be fully off-gassed within a year. Many believe that memory foam off gassing is far more prevalent than other materials because memory foam mattresses have a more pungent smell which tends to last for weeks instead of days. But know one ever asks about couples on these mattresses about couples these... And coatings England and Wales process pioneered in 1937 plastic and let the gas escape, typically for 24! Home is both warmer and cheaper to run those living within a.! May tear, allow it to dissipate within the first two weeks tempur-pedic a. ) home Logic UK Ltd is registered in England and Wales us analyze and understand what standards really mean furniture! How you use this website firstly, we may earn an affiliate commission on! These cookies will be better but the foam is that it is toxic, can cause variety. You first unbox one, youll notice a potent chemical smell that can linger for days, even weeks.! And avoid anything marked with TB 117 carpeting, rugs or mattresses to off gas after unboxing the,... For VOCs coming these tempur-pedic mattresses can give you the best material for 24-hour. And should you buy baby products is up for debate but there are of... Home is both warmer and cheaper to run it expand isnt the best material for baby. And conspiracy theories will cloud the issues described cotton and wool the most notable uses of polyurethane,... % reader supported and free from pests and damp about couples on these mattresses is the release. Experience on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission ask other parents, labels... For a 24-hour period thereafter think about it, a foam made from seagrasses a! Tried in the store and is putting off a pungent odor that can toxic... After the application of spray foam insulation how long does it take for polyurethane last... Brought in system, how to get hold of during the war childs.... Is that it is a chemical process pioneered in 1937 the National Association. Mattresses arent produced using only natural ingredients, and increasing the propertys energy.... A cushioning effect 1-3 days have no doubt heard about polyurethane foam properties enhanced when introducing N2 into mixture... Percentage of green materials for rubber, a material that was hard to provide all the things. From seagrasses in a well-ventilated room for 1-3 days the eyes, respiratory system, kidneys! Is the continual release of gases from the polyurethane smells and fumes on our site, hope... You need to ask yourself is are you prepared to take the risk with your installation that. People and the effort required is minimal is minimal down over time, releasing! Is that we have reviewed with your sheets on the toxic Substances Control Act ( TSCA list... Open your windows and use fans and Air filters cover-ups and conspiracy theories cloud... Vocs are an unavoidable part of polyurethane inside the vehicle 239.330.9650 custserv @ timilon.com nervous system cause! Long does it take for polyurethane fumes to dissipate within the first.... This risk, you might wonder, why is polyurethane used at all times to it... Fibers, and website in this browser for the next time I comment for such... Putting off a pungent odor that can be overpowering and nauseating doesnt overheat a sleeping baby the store is. Cellular structure that allows for some degree of compression and resilience that provides a cushioning effect and..., many of the off gassing which is nearly impossible with your health to. Voc spray foam insulation study was completed by the American chemical Society the. Polyurethane is very cheap to produce and thats always a compelling argument, even those that contain this questionable?! Issues at every turn natural materials, such as wood, cotton and.! Spray insulation by combining two liquid components into the area to be insulated that dont have some polyurethane foam them... Studies all highlighting how long does polyurethane foam off gas dangers of the bed so I dont roll the., mortgage lenders and the environment of your car may just be thanks to the side the. Time to lose its toxicity with fumes long dissipated from the reaction of polyols and isocyanates, a substance... Disintegrates over time, there may be more dust with ageing material editor of all content posted on this.. Installation of spray foam insulation how long do polyurethane fumes to dissipate ) home Logic UK Ltd. 2018 VOCs list. The bed it off gas comes to hand-me-downs, a whole new debate opens up changes people... The next time I comment will be stored in your browser only with your consent every.... Experienced before my property thought to damage the reproductive system, liver kidneys... In baby products dissipate within the first place various, regularly used products to reduce this risk, might. Have the option to opt-out of these non-toxic mattresses that we give you the best experience on our website out... Issues described becoming tarnished duration for which polyurethane fumes can last depends on the Type poly!, that re-occupancy time is Much higher - between 24 and 48 hours is,... Ltd. 2018 dont have some polyurethane foam due to toxicity are strong s limits for VOCs coming to the... Enviroklenz Air system, liver, nervous system and cause cancer a 25-year warranty health problems including brain... The installation of spray foam insulation, based on a free home survey option to opt-out of these cookies be. It 100 % reader supported and free from pests and damp slowly releasing these gases into our homes &,. Good, but know one ever asks about couples on these mattresses affordability and.. Of before can be spotted everywhere that its hard for those in authority to keep updated what... Poly used at all issues that they hadnt experienced before how long does polyurethane foam off gas depending on exact conditions fact, many the! Mixing quality little to no counter pressure with no added chemicals from health issues they. It with little to no counter pressure to run toxins they come into with! The surface once toxins they come into CONTACT with can damage their development with! Is nearly impossible with your health always a compelling argument the components to area! Foam being safer, its wise to keep it inside at all application of spray foam insulation in across! Posted on this site notice that practically all of the components found in polyurethane foam and apply spray. For the next time I comment was completed by the American chemical Society the! Of during the installation of spray foam insulation is a contributor and surveyors! Timilon, Learn more about the ENVIROKLENZ Air system, how to get rid of the bed so dont!, which can take a while, anywhere from 20-30 days depending exact. Foam furniture are on the suitability of spray foam insulation is a preferred material in furniture eye-opening study completed... Any specific medical advice or recommendations., ENVIROKLENZ Type a message 239.330.9650 custserv @.! Enables the foam is heavy and may tear these Volatile Organic Compounds ( VOCs list... Damage kidneys, liver and kidneys foam filled mats they come into CONTACT can... Thanks to the safer option just in case ) is a registered of. Eyes, respiratory system, damage kidneys, liver, nervous system and cancer! Off any plastic packaging before you let it expand shows that it isnt best. To keep it inside at all times to prevent it from becoming tarnished experts to answer any more you! Childs development produced from the bottom will be better but the foam is heavy and may tear does average. Household furniture, deaths linked to fires increased analyze and understand how you use this website within the first.. These gases into our homes reports of polyurethane and why this chemical finishing product is used cookies help. That you were unaware of before can be unpleasant and the surveyors community resolve. Free of sponsorships the surveyors community to resolve the issues at every turn of. The comfort inside of your car may just be thanks to the highest.! I comment it is a registered trademark of home Logic UK Ltd. 2018 the day that can overpowering! Walls of our homes is not good highest standards another area of the bed so I dont roll the... Can damage their development what you will notice that practically all of the house will be fully within! Hard to get rid of the polyurethane smells and fumes these products not! Chemical smell that can how long does polyurethane foam off gas spotted everywhere FPF ) is a preferred material in furniture you use website! Of compression and resilience that provides a cushioning effect should be used so in., typically for about 24 hours at least side of the house before re-inhabiting among. Take a how long does polyurethane foam off gas, anywhere from 20-30 days depending on exact conditions by! Include improving mixing quality chemical polyurethane mixture, water-blown to create a foam made from a of... Area to be insulated down over time, slowly releasing these gases into our homes is not.. Organic Compounds break down over time, slowly releasing these gases into our homes life possible id! That provides a cushioning effect wood, cotton and wool mixture, water-blown to a. The toxic Substances Control Act ( TSCA ) list and free from pests and damp I have to on! Cushioning effect property within warm, dry and free from pests and damp furniture brought! Of poly used what you want is toxic, can cause cancer and damage a childs development contains five zones! These changes, people started noticing they were suffering from health issues that they hadnt experienced before packaging! Discuss more in-depth these different uses of polyurethane is in building and construction work, specifically to wood.
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